In We Have Never Been Woke, sociologist Musa al-Gharbi challenges a widely accepted belief: that modern society is becoming more just simply because it talks more about justice. Today, activism is visible everywhere—on social media, in corporate messaging, and in public discussions. The language of equality and rights has become common. But the book raises an important question: are we creating real change, or simply becoming better at talking about it?
Al-Gharbi argues that much of today’s activism is shaped by highly educated and influential groups—people whose professions revolve around shaping narratives, ideas, and information. He refers to them as “symbolic capitalists.” These individuals may not always have the highest economic security, but they possess cultural influence and social status. Historically, professions like academia, journalism, and writing have traded higher income for this kind of symbolic power. Al-Gharbi connects this structure to the rise of modern “wokeness,” which is heavily centered in these same spaces.
A sharp way to understand this perspective is captured in the following observation:
“Elites, especially those who identify with historically marginalized and disadvantaged groups, increasingly define the relentless pursuit of their own self-interest as a ‘radical’ act. High-end consumption is redefined as an act of ‘self-care’ or ‘self-affirmation’… because they… are ‘worth it’ and ‘deserve it.’ Likewise, elites from historically disadvantaged groups who accumulate ever more power or influence in their own hands are described as somehow achieving a ‘win’ for those who remain impoverished, marginalized, and vulnerable… Behaviors that would be recognized as exploitative, oppressive, or disrespectful if carried out by people who are white, heterosexual, or male are often interpreted as empowering, righteous, or necessary when carried out by ‘other’ elites and elite aspirants.”
This idea highlights a central tension in the book: actions that reinforce hierarchy can sometimes be reframed as progress, depending on who performs them and how they are interpreted.
A key argument in the book is the distinction between symbolic and material change. Symbolic change includes shifts in language, representation, and public messaging. Material change, by contrast, involves real differences in resources, opportunities, and power. Symbolic actions are more visible and easier to achieve, while material changes are more difficult and often resisted. As a result, a society can appear progressive on the surface while deeper inequalities remain largely intact.
The book does not offer a simple, step-by-step solution, but it does point toward a more grounded way of thinking about change. Awareness alone is not enough. Real progress requires moving beyond passive agreement and engaging in meaningful, consistent action.
Being aware is the first step, but it must lead to deeper questioning. It is important to ask what is actually changing in real life, not just in public discourse. Being active matters just as much. Instead of limiting engagement to opinions or online discussions, individuals can participate in community efforts, local initiatives, and practical problem-solving. Long-term action is more effective than reacting to every new issue or trend.
Constructive and non-violent action is essential for sustainable change. Organized, lawful, and focused efforts tend to produce better outcomes than impulsive or reactive responses. Understanding laws and systems is equally important. When people are aware of their rights and how institutions function, they are better equipped to act effectively.
Focusing on material impact is another key principle. Efforts that improve education, livelihoods, and access to opportunities tend to create deeper and longer-lasting change than symbolic actions alone. Independent thinking also plays a crucial role. Instead of accepting dominant narratives without question, individuals should consider who benefits, what is being emphasized, and what might be overlooked.
The idea of “minimal living, high thinking” supports this approach. A simpler lifestyle can reduce dependence on systems driven by consumption and status. This creates space for clarity, independence, and more deliberate action. It allows individuals to focus on meaningful goals rather than distractions.
Ultimately, the book does not argue that people are powerless. Instead, it shows that power operates in complex ways and that real change requires more than surface-level engagement. Freedom is not achieved through words alone. It comes from combining awareness with action, understanding with effort, and thought with responsibility.
We Have Never Been Woke serves as a reminder that talking about change is not the same as creating it. The message is clear: be aware, be active, act with purpose, understand the system, and work toward real, meaningful change. At the same time, change does not always begin at a large scale.
One of the most practical things individuals can do is take responsibility for themselves and the people around them—family, friends, and local communities—by building awareness and encouraging informed thinking. While this may seem small, such efforts can gradually reduce dependence on dominant narratives and systems. Over time, informed and conscious individuals and communities can limit the influence of those at the top, not through confrontation, but through awareness, independence, and consistent action.
